![]() ![]() When the machine was finished, some hailed it as "Babbage's dream come true". In 1937, one hundred years after Babbage's impossible dream, Howard Aiken convinced IBM, which was making all kinds of punched card equipment and was also in the calculator business to develop his giant programmable calculator, the ASCC/Harvard Mark I, based on Babbage's Analytical Engine, which itself used cards and a central computing unit. Following Babbage, although unaware of his earlier work, Percy Ludgate in 1909 published the 2nd of the only two designs for mechanical analytical engines in history. Around 1885, Herman Hollerith invented the tabulator, which used punched cards to process statistical information eventually his company became part of IBM. In 1843, during the translation of a French article on the Analytical Engine, Ada Lovelace wrote, in one of the many notes she included, an algorithm to compute the Bernoulli numbers, which is considered to be the first published algorithm ever specifically tailored for implementation on a computer. "A crucial step was the adoption of a punched card system derived from the Jacquard loom" making it infinitely programmable. He started developing this machine in 1834, and "in less than two years, he had sketched out many of the salient features of the modern computer". Charles Babbage started the design of the first automatic mechanical calculator, his Difference Engine, in 1822, which eventually gave him the idea of the first programmable mechanical calculator, his Analytical Engine. In 1820, Thomas de Colmar launched the mechanical calculator industry when he invented his simplified arithmometer, the first calculating machine strong enough and reliable enough to be used daily in an office environment. Leibniz may be considered the first computer scientist and information theorist, because of various reasons, including the fact that he documented the binary number system. In 1673, Gottfried Leibniz demonstrated a digital mechanical calculator, called the Stepped Reckoner. Wilhelm Schickard designed and constructed the first working mechanical calculator in 1623. Algorithms for performing computations have existed since antiquity, even before the development of sophisticated computing equipment. Machines for calculating fixed numerical tasks such as the abacus have existed since antiquity, aiding in computations such as multiplication and division. ![]() The earliest foundations of what would become computer science predate the invention of the modern digital computer. Īda Lovelace published the first algorithm intended for processing on a computer. The Turing Award is generally recognized as the highest distinction in computer science. The fundamental concern of computer science is determining what can and cannot be automated. Within artificial intelligence, computer vision aims to understand and process image and video data, while natural language processing aims to understand and process textual and linguistic data. Artificial intelligence and machine learning aim to synthesize goal-orientated processes such as problem-solving, decision-making, environmental adaptation, planning and learning found in humans and animals. Computer architecture describes the construction of computer components and computer-operated equipment. Areas such as operating systems, networks and embedded systems investigate the principles and design behind complex systems. Human–computer interaction investigates the interfaces through which humans and computers interact, and software engineering focuses on the design and principles behind developing software. Programming language theory considers different ways to describe computational processes, and database theory concerns the management of repositories of data. Computer graphics and computational geometry address the generation of images. The fields of cryptography and computer security involve studying the means for secure communication and for preventing security vulnerabilities. The theory of computation concerns abstract models of computation and general classes of problems that can be solved using them. Īlgorithms and data structures are central to computer science. Computer science is generally considered an academic discipline and distinct from computer programming which is considered to be a technical field. ![]() Computer science spans theoretical disciplines (such as algorithms, theory of computation, information theory, and automation) to practical disciplines (including the design and implementation of hardware and software). Computer science is the study of computation, automation, and information.
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